Reinvestment Strategy

By using the ReinvestmentStrategyclass, you can easily create an exposure to a specific stock and handle all the corporate actions as they occur.
Amongst other things, the Reinvestment Strategy will process the following corporate actions:
Cash dividends (both regular and special cash)
Stock dividends
Stock splits
Spinoffs
Rights issues
Mergers/takeover
Learn more: Example notebooks​
Sections
​Set up the environment 
​Stock prices​
​Reinvestment Strategy objects​
​Relationship to Strategy class​
​Strategy details & parameters​
​Dividends​
​Reinvesting cash dividends​
​Withholding tax rates​
​Tracking​
​Trading out of stocks that will delist​
​Borrow costs​
​Trading in swap format​
​Initial share holdings​
​Data dictionary​
Set up the environment
Learn more: Setting up an environment​
import sigtech.framework as sig
​
import datetime as dtm
import uuid
import seaborn as sns
import pandas as pd
​
sns.set(rc={'figure.figsize': (18, 6)})
​
start_date = dtm.date(2019, 1, 2)
end_date = dtm.date(2021, 10, 31)
​
sig.init(env_date=end_date)
Stock prices
Fetch the SingleStock object for the primary listing of Apple in the US. 
Learn more: how to find stock internal identifiers within the platform, on the SingleStock and EquityUniverseFilter pages.
ticker = '1000045.SINGLE_STOCK.TRADABLE'
stock_obj = sig.obj.get(ticker)
View unadjusted price series: 
stock_obj.history(field='LastPrice').plot()
The large drops correspond to stock splits. Corporate action objects can be examined to get more detail.
Input
Output
ca = stock_obj.corporate_actions()
ca[:10]
[StockSplit(Stock Split on 2000-06-21), 
StockSplit(Stock Split on 2005-02-28), 
RegularCashDividend(Quarterly on 2012-08-09), 
RegularCashDividend(Quarterly on 2012-11-07), 
RegularCashDividend(Quarterly on 2013-02-07), 
RegularCashDividend(Quarterly on 2013-05-09), 
RegularCashDividend(Quarterly on 2013-08-08), 
RegularCashDividend(Quarterly on 2013-11-06), 
RegularCashDividend(Quarterly on 2014-02-06), 
RegularCashDividend(Quarterly on 2014-05-08)]
Input
Output
from sigtech.framework.internal.equities.corporate_actions.corporate_actions import StockSplit
stock_splits = [c for c in ca if isinstance(c, StockSplit)]
stock_splits
[StockSplit(Stock Split on 2000-06-21), 
StockSplit(Stock Split on 2005-02-28), 
StockSplit(Stock Split on 2014-06-09), 
StockSplit(Stock Split on 2020-08-31)]
stock_splits[-2]
It is possible to fetch price series data from SingleStock objects that handle reinvestment following corporate events with the adjusted_price_history method.
stock_obj.adjusted_price_history?
The arguments to adjusted_price_history determine whether regular and special dividends should be reinvested, respectively. Events like stock splits are automatically handled by this method: relevant adjustment factors are computed and then incorporated in building price series.
adjusted_data = pd.concat({
    'Unadjusted': stock_obj.history(),
    'AdjustedAll': stock_obj.adjusted_price_history(
                    adjust_regular_cash=True, 
                    adjust_special_cash=True),
    'AdjustedRegularCashOnly': stock_obj.adjusted_price_history(True, False),
    'AdjustedSpecialOnly': stock_obj.adjusted_price_history(False, True),
    'AdjustedNoDivs': stock_obj.adjusted_price_history(False, False),
}, axis=1)
adjusted_data /= adjusted_data.iloc[0]
adjusted_data.plot(title='AAPL Prices Series')
In this case, there are stock splits and regular cash dividends, but no special cash dividends. This is reflected in the values of the adjusted_price_history series.  Regardless of argument choice, the stock splits no longer impact the adjusted price series.
adjusted_data.tail()
The following example using TSLA shows what happens when no dividends have been received by the holders of the security. 
Utilise the SIGMaster to find the primary US listing of TSLA:
search_ticker = 'TSLA'
sm = sig.env().sig_master().filter_to_last_pit_record().filter('US', 'EXCHANGE_COUNTRY_ISO2')
sm = sm.filter_exchange_tickers([search_ticker]).filter_primary_fungible().filter_primary_tradable()
tesla_ticker = sm.get_tradable_ids([search_ticker])[search_ticker]
Only one corporate action - August 2020 stock split.
Input
Output
t = sig.obj.get(tesla_ticker)
ca_tesla = t.corporate_actions()
ca_tesla
[StockSplit(Stock Split on 2020-08-31)]
ca_tesla[0]
adjusted_data = pd.concat({
    'Unadjusted': t.history(),
    'AdjustedAll': t.adjusted_price_history(True, True),
    'AdjustedRegularCashOnly': t.adjusted_price_history(True, False),
    'AdjustedSpecialOnly': t.adjusted_price_history(False, True),
    'AdjustedNoDivs': t.adjusted_price_history(False, False),
}, axis=1)
adjusted_data /= adjusted_data.iloc[0]
As no dividends have been paid by TSLA, altering the input arguments to adjusted_price_history does not impact the resulting time series. As expected, the adjusted price series does not show a division by the split factor (5) following the August 2020 stock split.
adjusted_data.tail()
The ratio of the final adjusted/unadjusted prices is exactly the stock split ratio of 5:
Input
Output
final_price = adjusted_data.iloc[-1]
round(final_price['AdjustedAll'] / final_price['Unadjusted'], 5)
5.0
ReinvestmentStrategy objects
The ReinvestmentStrategy building block creates objects that are tradable and accurately mimics the experience of an Equity Portfolio Manager. 
Whilst SingleStock historical price series data is not adjusted for corporate actions, such as stock splits, and does not assume reinvestment of dividends, these adjusted price series are available from ReinvestmentStrategy objects. ReinvestmentStrategy objects can also account for transaction costs, while the adjusted_price_history method does not. 
To build a simple basket trading a SingleStock object (to illustrate the problem with trading these directly):
stock_basket = sig.BasketStrategy(
    start_date=start_date,
    end_date=end_date,
    currency=stock_obj.currency,
    weights=[1.0],
    constituent_names=[stock_obj.name],
    rebalance_dates=[start_date],
    instant_sizing=True
    
)
stock_basket.history().plot()
Overview of the ReinvestmentStrategy class
sig.ReinvestmentStrategy?
Creation of a simple ReinvestmentStrategy ('RS' henceforth).
rs = sig.ReinvestmentStrategy(
    start_date=start_date,
    end_date=end_date,
    currency=stock_obj.currency,
    underlyer=ticker,    
    ticker=f'{ticker}_RS', 
)
As with any strategy object, calling build triggers the backtest specified by the object's parameters to be run. It is then possible to view strategy performance through calling history.
Input
Output
rs.build()
rs.history().head()
2019-01-02 1000.000000 
2019-01-03 999.166274 
2019-01-04 1037.609979 
2019-01-07 1035.540069 
2019-01-08 1053.403799 
Name: (LastPrice, EOD, 1000045.SINGLE_STOCK.TRADABLE_RS STRATEGY), dtype: float64
The days displayed in the strategy's history are determined by its holiday calendar. The holiday calendar can be obtained from the underlying stock.
Input
Output
underlyer_holidays = rs.underlyer_object.holidays()
underlyer_holidays
'NYSE(T) CALENDAR'
Input
Output
rs_holidays = [
    d for d in sig.obj.get(underlyer_holidays).holidays 
    if (d.year >= start_date.year) & (d.year <= end_date.year)
]
[d for d in rs_holidays if d in rs.history()]
[]
The following code block is a comparison between the RS and the SingleStock object - adjusted and unadjusted.
df = pd.concat({    
    'SingleStock Unadjusted': stock_obj.history(),
    'SingleStock Adjusted': stock_obj.adjusted_price_history(True, True),
    'SingleStock Basket': stock_basket.history(),
    'RS': rs.history(),
}, axis=1)
​
df = df.dropna().iloc[1:]
df /= df.iloc[0]
df.plot();
Notes:
Since the RS has been defined to begin in 2019, whereas the history of the stock object starts in 2000, it was necessary to drop nans when combining histories. 
The time series were rescaled to all begin at 1: the value of any Strategy object will begin at the level of its initial_cash parameter, which defaults to 1000. 
The first day of history of the RS was ignored as orders need to be placed and executed before the strategy attains its exposure to the underlying. Since this is not completed until 03/01/2019, the first return of the RS is essentially that due to cash. Learn more​ about customising this behaviour.​
Relationship to Strategy class
ReinvestmentStrategy inherits from the Strategy class and inherits its fields, methods, and more.
Input
Output
issubclass(sig.ReinvestmentStrategy, sig.Strategy)
True
In particular, it can utilise the PlotWrapper and AnalyticsWrapper components of a strategy:
Input
Output
plot_wrapper = rs.plot
plot_wrapper
<sigtech.framework.strategies.components.plot_wrapper.PlotWrapper at 0x7fd24ce10fd0>
Input
Output
analytics_wrapper = rs.analytics
analytics_wrapper
<sigtech.framework.strategies.components.analytics_wrapper.AnalyticsWrapper at 0x7fd24cee7bd0>
plot_wrapper.performance()
It can also utilise parameters defined at the strategy level, such as:
direction
initial_cash
include_trading_costs
total_return
​Learn more​
Strategy details & parameters
Analysing the basic strategy at the level of TOP_POSITION_CHG_PTS: 
Generation of an initial order on the underlying stock [2019/01/03, 09:00:00].
Execution of the initial order on the underlying stock [2019/01/03, 16:00:00].
Cash dividend going ex and being considered part of 'UNREALISED CASH' [2019/02/08, 09:00:00].
Generation of an order to reinvest dividends paid by the stock back into the stock [2019/02/14, 09:00:00].
Execution of the above order to reinvest dividend distribution [2019/02/14, 16:00:00].
To ensure that strategy action times are displayed locally, set timezone to be that of the security. 

Note: The default is UTC.
Input
Output
import pytz
local_timezone = pytz.timezone(stock_obj.exchange().timezone)
local_timezone.zone
'America/New_York'
rs.plot.portfolio_table(
    dts='TOP_POSITION_CHG_PTS',
    start_dt=start_date,
    end_dt=start_date + dtm.timedelta(days=60),
    tzinfo=local_timezone
)
Dividends
Continuing from the above outline, the position in 1000045.SINGLE_STOCK.TRADABLE UNREALISED CASH at [2019/02/14, 09:00:00] is dividend proceeds.
ca = rs.underlyer_object.corporate_actions()
first_dividend_effective_dtm = dtm.datetime(2019, 2, 8, 9, tzinfo=local_timezone)
dividend = [c for c in ca \
        if c.effective_date == first_dividend_effective_dtm.date()][0]
dividend
Input
Output
print(f'Effective Date: {dividend.effective_date}')
print(f'Payment Date: {dividend.payment_date}')
Effective Date: 2019-02-08 
Payment Date: 2019-02-14
Verify dividend cash calculation:
stock_position = rs.inspect.positions_df().tz_convert(local_timezone)
stock_position.head()
Input
Output
units = stock_position.loc[:first_dividend_effective_dtm].iloc[-1, 0]
print(f'Stock Units: {round(units, 3)}')
Stock units: 6.332
Input
Output
default_wht = 0.3 # default 30% withholding tax
dividend_cash = units * dividend.dividend_amount * (1 - default_wht)
print(f'Dividend Cash: {round(dividend_cash, 3)}')
Dividend cash: 3.236
Reinvesting cash dividends
By default, dividends received are reinvested in the underlying stock. The parameter reinvest_cash_dividends provides user control over this logic.
rs_no_cdr = sig.ReinvestmentStrategy(
    start_date=start_date,
    end_date=end_date,
    currency=stock_obj.currency,
    underlyer=ticker,    
    
    # specify no cash dividend reinvestment
    reinvest_cash_dividends=False,
    
    ticker=f'{ticker}_RS_NO_CDR'
)
​
rs_no_cdr.build()
With this change, the order to reinvest cash from the dividend on 14th February has disappeared. Instead, the unrealised cash from the dividend effective date becomes part of realised 'USD CASH' on the dividend payment date.
rs_no_cdr.plot.portfolio_table(
    dts='TOP_POSITION_CHG_PTS',
    start_dt=start_date,
    end_dt=start_date + dtm.timedelta(days=60),
    tzinfo=local_timezone
)
Withholding tax rates
Withholding tax (or WHT) time series can be accessed from a stock object.
Input
Output
stock_obj.dividend_withholding_tax_ts()
1990-01-01 0.3 
Name: Dividend Withholding Tax, dtype: float64
A particular withholding tax (WHT) rate can be set by using the withholding_tax_override parameter. 
Create an RS with no WHT:
rs_no_wht = sig.ReinvestmentStrategy(
    start_date=start_date,
    end_date=end_date,
    currency=stock_obj.currency,
    underlyer=ticker,    
    
    # specify no withholding tax rate
    withholding_tax_override=0.0,
    
    ticker=f'{ticker}_RS_NO_WHT'
)
​
rs_no_wht.build()
The following plot shows the ratio of the value of the RS with 30% WHT to the RHS with 0% WHT:
df = pd.concat({
    'RS_WHT': rs.history(),
    'RS_NO_WHT': rs_no_wht.history(),
}, axis=1)
df['RATIO'] = df['RS_WHT'] / df['RS_NO_WHT']
df['RATIO'].plot(title='Impact of WHT')
rs_no_wht.plot.portfolio_table(
    dts='TOP_POSITION_CHG_PTS',
    start_dt=start_date,
    end_dt=start_date + dtm.timedelta(days=60),
    tzinfo=local_timezone
)
The jumps in ratio between the two versions of the RS occur on dividend effective dates. 

Fetch regular cash dividends:
from sigtech.framework.internal.equities.corporate_actions.corporate_actions import RegularCashDividend
dividends = [
    c for c in ca if isinstance(c, RegularCashDividend) 
    if c.payment_date >= start_date
]
ratio_changes = sorted(df.RATIO.pct_change().sort_values(). \                                 
                head(len(dividends)).index.tolist())
payment_dates = [c.effective_date for c in dividends \ 
                if c.effective_date < end_date]
Tracking
Revisiting the first Reinvestment Strategy created, the portfolio table shows that the initial position in stock is actually 90.114% [2019/01/03 16:00:00]:
rs.plot.portfolio_table(
    dts='TOP_ORDER_PTS',
    start_dt=start_date,
    end_dt=start_date + dtm.timedelta(days=1),
    tzinfo=local_timezone
)
The weight of an instrument held within a strategy, assuming the instrument is in the same currency as the strategy, can be computed as:
units_held x unit_price / strategy_price
Check this calculation directly:
Input
Output
value_date = pd.Timestamp(2019, 1, 3)
rs_price = rs.valuation_price(value_date)
rs_price
999.1662739994936
Input
Output
stock_price = stock_obj.valuation_price(value_date)
stock_price
142.19001
Input
Output
stock_obj.history().loc[value_date]
142.19001
Input
Output
value_dt = rs.valuation_dt(value_date)
stock_units = stock_position.loc[:value_dt].iloc[-1, 0]
stock_units
6.332320162107397
Agreement with the above portfolio table:
Input
Output
print(
f'Stock Exposure: {round(100 * (stock_price * stock_units) / rs_price, 3)}%'
)
Stock Exposure: 90.114%
The reason this exposure does not exactly match the target exposure of 100% is that the sizing, or determination of the number of shares to trade, is done using the prior day's close. This closely resembles the experience of a trader with access to EOD prices. 

In most cases, the difference between target weight and realised weight would not be this large. In this particular case, AAPL experienced a large negative move on the day of execution (-9.96%).
Input
Output
100 * stock_obj.history().pct_change().loc[value_date]
-9.960733282674761
The enable_tracking parameter will cause an RS to trade toward full exposure on a schedule provided by the user (tracking_frequency, default SOM).
An optional tracking_threshold can also be set (default 1bp) that controls whether these tracking trades should be executed. For example, the threshold is 1%, the current exposure is 99.5%, so no action takes place.
rs_et = sig.ReinvestmentStrategy(
    start_date=start_date,
    end_date=end_date,
    currency=stock_obj.currency,
    underlyer=ticker,
​
    # enable tracking
    enable_tracking=True,
    tracking_frequency='EOM',
    tracking_threshold=0.05,
    
    ticker=f'{ticker}_ET_5%_EOM', 
)
rs_et.build()
An additional trade is now scheduled on 2019/01/04. 
Since this brings the exposure to within the threshold of the target, no further trades are implemented until the dividend is reinvested in February.
rs_et.plot.portfolio_table(
    dts='TOP_ORDER_PTS', 
    start_dt=start_date,
    end_dt=start_date + dtm.timedelta(days=60),
    tzinfo=local_timezone
)
Setting very low thresholds and a very regular threshold_frequency can impact performance.
Input
Output
rs_et_1bd = sig.ReinvestmentStrategy(
    start_date=start_date,
    end_date=end_date,
    currency=stock_obj.currency,
    underlyer=ticker,
    enable_tracking=True,
    tracking_frequency='1BD',
    tracking_threshold=0.0001,
    ticker=f'{ticker}_ET_1bp_1BD', 
)
%time rs_et_1bd.build()
CPU times: user 734 ms, sys: 17 µs, total: 734 ms
Wall time: 732 ms
Input
Output
rs_et_1m = sig.ReinvestmentStrategy(
    start_date=start_date,
    end_date=end_date,
    currency=stock_obj.currency,
    underlyer=ticker,
    enable_tracking=True,
    tracking_frequency='EOM',
    tracking_threshold=0.01,
    ticker=f'{ticker}_ET_1%_EOM', 
)
%time rs_et_1m.build()
CPU times: user 108 ms, sys: 8.76 ms, total: 117 ms 
Wall time: 111 ms
Overriding strategy execution time:
hours, minutes = 21, 56
decision_time = dtm.time(hours, minutes)
size_time = dtm.time(hours, minutes + 1)
execution_time = dtm.time(hours, minutes + 2)
Input
Output
decision_time
datetime.time(21, 56)
Input
Output
size_time
​
datetime.time(21, 57)
Input
Output
execution_time
datetime.time(21, 58)
local_zone = local_timezone.zone
​
rs_instant = sig.ReinvestmentStrategy(
    start_date=start_date,
    end_date=end_date,
    currency=stock_obj.currency,
    underlyer=ticker,    
    withholding_tax_override=0.0,
    size_time_input=size_time,
    decision_time_input=decision_time,
    execution_time_input=size_time,
    size_timezone_input=local_zone,
    decision_timezone_input=local_zone,
    execution_timezone_input=local_zone,
    initial_shares=1,
    initial_cash=100,
    include_trading_costs=False,
    total_return=False,
)
rs_instant.build()
rs_instant.plot.portfolio_table(
    dts='TOP_ORDER_PTS', 
    start_dt=start_date,
    end_dt=start_date + dtm.timedelta(days=10),
    tzinfo=local_timezone
)
Trading out of stocks that will delist
An example of a stock that was delisted due to bankruptcy:
Input
Output
delisted_stock_obj = sig.obj.get('1002181.SINGLE_STOCK.TRADABLE')
delisted_stock_obj.company_name
'EASTMAN KODAK'
Input
Output
delisted_stock_obj.expiry_date
datetime.date(2013, 8, 30)
Input
Output
delisted_stock_obj.delist_date
datetime.date(2013, 9, 3)
The final_trade_out parameter causes a Reinvestment Strategy to sell out of the underlying before it is delisted. The RS will then hold cash.
This can be very useful when another strategy, such as SignalStrategy, is trading a universe of RS. The onus will no longer be on the user to ensure that no trades on the Reinvestment Strategy,  corresponding to the delisted security, are initiated.
fto_start_date = dtm.date(2012, 1, 4)
fto_end_date = dtm.date(2014, 1, 4)
rs_no_fto = sig.ReinvestmentStrategy(
    start_date=fto_start_date,
    end_date=fto_end_date,
    currency=delisted_stock_obj.currency,
    underlyer=delisted_stock_obj.name,    
    ticker=f'{delisted_stock_obj.name}_NO_FTO', 
)
rs_no_fto.build()
​
rs_fto = sig.ReinvestmentStrategy(
    start_date=fto_start_date,
    end_date=fto_end_date,
    currency=delisted_stock_obj.currency,
    underlyer=delisted_stock_obj.name,
    
    # final trade out
    final_trade_out=True,
    
    ticker=f'{delisted_stock_obj.name}_FTO', 
)
rs_fto.build()
The version of the RS with final_trade_out set to False has nan prices from the delisting date onward, rendering it impossible to trade, which includes the closing of positions in it. The version with final_trade_out set to True does not have this problem.
df = pd.concat({
    'FTO': rs_fto.history(),
    'NO FTO': rs_no_fto.history(),
}, axis=1)
df.loc[delisted_stock_obj.expiry_date:].head()
df.plot()
Borrow costs
Shorting costs can be specified with the borrow_cost_ts parameter. The following example assumes there is no borrowing cost:
rs_short = sig.ReinvestmentStrategy(
    start_date=start_date,
    end_date=end_date,
    currency=stock_obj.currency,
    underlyer=ticker,    
    ticker=f'{ticker}_RS_SHORT',
    
    # specific to shorting
​
    direction='short',
    # cash given opposite sign as we are short
    initial_cash=-1000,
    borrow_cost_ts=0,
    # should not specify dividend reinvestment when short
    reinvest_cash_dividends=False,
)
rs_short.build()
The following example uses a fixed annual cost of 1%:
Note: a time series could also be supplied.
rs_short_borrow = sig.ReinvestmentStrategy(
    start_date=start_date,
    end_date=end_date,
    currency=stock_obj.currency,
    underlyer=ticker,    
    ticker=f'{ticker}_RS_SHORT_BORROW',
    
    # specific to shorting
    direction='short',
    # cash given opposite sign as we are short
    initial_cash=-1000,
    borrow_cost_ts=1,
    # should not specify dividend reinvestment when short
    reinvest_cash_dividends=False,
)
rs_short_borrow.build()
​
df = pd.concat({
    'Borrow': rs_short_borrow.history(),
    'No Borrow': rs_short.history(),
}, axis=1)
df.plot()
rs_short.plot.portfolio_table(
    dts='TOP_ORDER_PTS'
)
Trading in swap format
Exposure to the underlying can also be obtained in swap format, with the relevant parameters being: 
trade_swap_format: equity traded as swap if set to True. 
swap_reset_frequency: frequency at which swap is reset, which leads to margin cleanup.
swap_include_financing: financing, as determined by the libor_instrument_name and libor_spread parameters, is charged if True. 
rs_swap = sig.ReinvestmentStrategy(
    start_date=start_date,
    end_date=end_date,
    currency=stock_obj.currency,
    underlyer=ticker,
    
    # swap specific parameters
    trade_swap_format=True,
    swap_reset_frequency='3M',
    swap_include_financing=True,
    reinvest_cash_dividends=False,
    libor_instrument_name='US0003M INDEX',
    libor_spread=0.001,
    ticker=f'{ticker}_RS_SWAP_L3M', 
)
rs_swap.build()
​
rs_swap.plot.portfolio_table(
    dts='TOP_ORDER_PTS',
    end_dt=dtm.date(2019, 4, 4),
    tzinfo=local_timezone
)
Initial share holdings
Create a Reinvestment Strategy that holds precisely one share and no cash. Transaction costs and accruals on cash are ignored.
rs_instant = sig.ReinvestmentStrategy(
    start_date=start_date,
    end_date=end_date,
    currency=stock_obj.currency,
    underlyer=ticker,
    
    initial_shares=1,
    initial_cash=0,
    total_return=False, 
    include_trading_costs=False,
    
    ticker=f'{ticker}_RS_INITIAL1', 
)
rs_instant.build()
rs_instant.plot.portfolio_table(
    dts='TOP_ORDER_PTS',
    end_dt=dtm.date(2019, 6, 30),
    tzinfo=local_timezone
)